NASA - Science Lecture: Humans Living on Mars

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMwAvnwQH58

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Marte tem mais que um reservatório de água - tem toda uma rede de lagos subterrâneos


Imagem captada pela sonda Mars Express no polo sul de Marte

ESA

Descoberta rede de reservatórios sob o solo do polo sul do planeta vermelho.
A sonda espacial Mars Express da ESA descobriu várias lagoas de água líquida sob o gelo na região polar do sul de Marte, revelou hoje a agência espacial europeia em comunicado.

Em 2018, os cientistas revelaram uma descoberta extraordinária - encontraram provas de um reservatório subterrâneo de água líquida no pólo sul marciano.

Agora, deram mais um enorme passo em frente: não há um, mas toda uma rede de lagos sob a calota polar sul, revelam os cientistas num artigo publicado na Nature.


O lago principal ao centro rodeado por pelo menos três lagoas

NATURE

Durante estes dois anos prosseguiram as análises aos dados enviados pela sonda. Esta semana os cientistas puderam afirmam ter detetado três novas lagoas subterrâneas, tendo a maior cerca de 20 x 30 km e é rodeada por várias lagoas menores.

A água deverá ser extremamente salgada para que possa permanecer líquida em baixas temperaturas.


Descoberta de água em Marte em 2018

ESA

MARTE TERÁ SIDO - HÁ MUITO, MUITO TEMPO - UM PLANETA MAIS AGRADÁVEL
Há muitos muitos milhões de anos, Marte deve ter sido um planeta mais quente e húmido, com água a correr pela superfície, tal como a Terra primitiva. Isto antes de a atmosfera do planeta ter sido lentamente destruída - deixando Marte com a atmosfera fina e tornando-o o planeta deserto e gelado que conhecemos hoje.

Embora não seja possível que a água permaneça estável na superfície hoje em dia, estas novas conclusões abrem a possibilidade de que todo um sistema de lagos antigos possa existir no subsolo, com milhões ou mesmo milhares de milhões de anos.

Esses seriam os locais ideais para procurar provas da existência de vida em Marte, mas são extremamente difíceis de alcançar.

LAGOS SUBGLACIAIS
Cá na Terra também conhecemos lagos subglaciais, como é o Lago Vostok na Antártica. Albergam ecossistemas únicos e podem fornecer analogias úteis aos cientistas que exploram como a vida pode sobreviver em ambientes extremos.

As técnicas utilizadas para analisar os dados de sondas em Marte são semelhantes às utilizadas em investigações de lagos subglaciais na Antártica, Canadá e Gronelândia.



https://sicnoticias.pt/especiais/a-conq ... cRrW3BjmMM

[Rurst]

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The Artemis Team

At NASA, we have always answered the innate call to go. Now, we’re returning to the Moon under the Artemis program to learn to live and work on another world for the benefit of humanity.

We selected an initial team of NASA astronauts – the Artemis Team – to help pave the way for the next lunar missions including sending the first woman and next man to walk on the lunar surface in 2024.

And we are not doing this alone. International partnerships are key to long-term exploration and some of their astronauts will join the Artemis Team later. Together, we will define this incredible Artemis Generation of science and lunar exploration that doesn’t stop at the Moon, rather, prepares humanity for our next giant leap, Mars.

Hometown: Anaheim, California
Astronaut Selection Year: 2004
Military Experience: United States Marine Corps, Reserves
Colleges & Degrees: Bachelor of Science in Geology from University of California – Santa Barbara, Masters of Education, Texas Tech University and a Master’s degree in Geology from the University of Arizona.
Hobbies: Enjoys outdoor activities such as camping, hiking, biking, kayaking and scuba diving.

Experience:
Acaba was a member of the United States Marine Corps, Reserves. He worked as a hydro-geologist in Los Angeles, California, primarily on Superfund sites, and was involved in the assessment and remediation of groundwater contaminants. He spent two years in the United States Peace Corps as an Environmental Education Awareness Promoter in the Dominican Republic. He was also the manager of the Caribbean Marine Research Center at Lee Stocking Island in the Exumas, Bahamas. Prior to arriving at NASA, he taught one year of high school science at Melbourne High School, Florida, and four years of middle school math and science at Dunnellon Middle School, Florida.

NASA Experience:
Selected as a mission specialist by NASA in May 2004. In February 2006, he completed astronaut candidate training that included scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in shuttle and International Space Station systems, physiological training, T-38 flight training and water and wilderness survival training. Upon completion of his training, Acaba was assigned to the Hardware Integration Team in the Space Station Branch, working technical issues with European Space Agency (ESA) hardware. He was also a member of the Space Shuttle Branch, supporting shuttle launch and landing preparations at the Kennedy Space Center, Florida. Acaba served as the Branch Chief of the International Space Station Operations branch, which is responsible for mission preparation and on-orbit support of space station crews. Most recently, Acaba recently served as Director of Operations Russia in Star City supporting crew training in Soyuz and Russian Segment systems.

Spaceflight Experience:
STS-119 (March 15 to March 28, 2009). This was the 125th shuttle flight, the 36th flight of Discovery and the 28th shuttle flight to the International Space Station. The primary objective of this flight was to deliver the final pair of power-generating solar array wings and truss element to the International Space Station. Acaba accumulated 12 hours and 57 minutes of Extravehicular Activity (EVA) in two spacewalks. STS-119 returned to land at the Kennedy Space Center, having traveled 202 orbits and 5.3 million statute miles in 12 days, 19 hours and 29 minutes.

Expedition 31/32 (May 15 through September 17, 2012). Acaba launched on May 15, 2012, from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan. Gennady Padalka and Sergei Revin of the Russian Federal Space Agency and Acaba landed their Soyuz TMA-04M spacecraft in Kazakhstan on September 17, 2012. Acaba spent 123 days aboard the station as a Flight Engineer of the Expedition 31 and 32 crews. Acaba supported the arrival of the first commercial resupply spacecraft, SpaceX's Dragon, in late May; and was prime robotic arm operator for the capture and release of the third Japanese cargo ship, HTV3. Acaba served as intra-vehicular crew member and robotic arm operator for two U.S.-based spacewalks, helping to restore a critical power unit and exchange a faulty camera on the station’s robotic arm. Acaba also participated in numerous scientific research experiments and performed regular maintenance and operational tasks aboard the orbiting complex.

Expedition 53/54 (September 13 through February 28, 2018). The crew launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome aboard the Soyuz spacecraft. Acaba, who served as Flight Engineer, was joined by Astronaut Mark Vande Hei and Russian Cosmonaut Alexander Misurkin of Roscosmos. During the mission the crew marked the beginning of the first long-term increase in crew size on the U.S. segment, enabling NASA to double the time dedicated to research and achieve a record-setting week of research that surpassed 100 hours. Highlights from this research include investigations into the manufacturing of fiber optic filaments in microgravity, improving the accuracy of an implantable glucoses biosensor, and measuring the Sun’s energy input to Earth. Acaba completed one spacewalk to lubricate an end effector and install new cameras on the station’s arm and truss. Acaba has logged a total of 306 days in space on three flights

Organizations: National Science Teachers Association, Association of Space Explorers




Hometown: Richland, Washington
Astronaut Selection Year: 2017
Military Experience: U.S. Navy
Colleges & Degrees: Bachelor of Systems Engineering from U.S. Naval Academy and Masters in Nuclear Engineering from the University of Cambridge.
Hobbies: Enjoys hiking, backpacking, running and reading.

Experience:
Barron was commissioned as a Navy officer in 2010 and immediately attended graduate school. Her graduate research focused on modeling the fuel cycle for a next-generation, thorium-fueled nuclear reactor concept. Following graduate school, Barron attended the U.S. Navy’s nuclear power and submarine officer training before being assigned to the USS Maine, an Ohio-class ballistic missile submarine homeported in Bangor, Washington. Barron qualified as a submarine warfare officer and completed three strategic deterrent patrols while serving as a division officer aboard the Maine. At the time of her selection, Barron was serving as the Flag Aide to the Superintendent of the U.S. Naval Academy.

NASA Experience:
Barron reported for duty in August 2017 and completed two years of training as an Astronaut Candidate. She is currently awaiting flight assignment.

Awards/Honors:
Awarded the Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal, Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medal, and various unit commendations. Trident Scholar and Distinguished Graduate, U.S. Naval Academy. Gates Cambridge Scholar.

Organizations:
U.S. Naval Academy Alumni Association and Gates Cambridge Alumni Association.



Hometown: Cedar Falls, Iowa
Astronaut Selection Year: 2017
Military Experience: U.S. Air Force
Colleges & Degrees: Bachelor’s degree in Astronautical Engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy and master’s degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Graduated from the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School in Patuxent River, Maryland. Graduated from US Army Command and General Staff College in Fort Leavenworth, Kansas.

Experience:
At the time of his selection in June 2017, Chari was a Colonel select in the U.S. Air Force, serving as the Commander of the 461st Flight Test Squadron and the Director of the F-35 Integrated Test Force. He has accumulated more than 2,000 hours of flight time in the F-35, F-15, F-16, and F-18 including F-15E combat missions in Operation Iraqi Freedom and deployments in support of the Korean peninsula.

NASA Experience:
Chari reported for duty in August 2017 and completed two years of training as an Astronaut Candidate. He is currently awaiting flight assignment.

Awards/Honors:
Awarded the Defense Meritorious Service Medal, the Meritorious Service Medal, the Aerial Achievement Medal, the Air Force Commendation Medal, the Air Force Achievement Medal, an Iraq Campaign Medal, a Korean Defense Service Medal and the Nuclear Deterrence Operations Service Medal. Named distinguished graduate from the US Air Force Academy, Undergraduate Pilot Training, and the F-15E Formal Training Unit

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Hometown: Wheat Ridge, Colorado
Astronaut selection year: 2017
Military Experience: U.S. Navy
College & Degrees: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering from the University of San Diego with a minors in Physics and Mathematics and a Master of Science in Systems Engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.

Experience:
Dominick was commissioned through the Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) following graduation from the University of San Diego in 2005 and reported to Pensacola, Florida, for flight training. He was designated as a Naval Aviator in 2007 and reported to Strike Fighter Squadron 106, Naval Air Station Oceana, Virginia, for transition to the F/A 18E Super Hornet. Following his initial training, Dominick was assigned to Strike Fighter Squadron 143. He made two deployments to the North Arabian Sea, flying close air support missions in support of Operation Enduring Freedom. While with Strike Fighter Squadron 143, Dominick was selected to attend the Naval Postgraduate School / U.S. Naval Test Pilot School Co-Operative Program, where he earned a Master of Science in Systems Engineering from the Naval Post Graduate School and graduated from the U.S. Naval Test Pilot School.

Designated a developmental test pilot in 2013, Dominick was assigned to the fixed wing carrier suitability flight test department of Air Test Evaluation Squadron 23. There he served as developmental flight test project officer for a variety of carrier suitability test programs, including MAGIC CARPET, Joint Precision Approach & Landing Systems, Infrared Search and Track Pod, and the precision approach and landing certification of aircraft carriers. He flew developmental flight tests in the F/A-18ABCD, F/A-18E/F, and EA-18G. Additionally, he contributed to X-47B, Unmanned Carrier Launched Surveillance and Strike, V 22, T-45, E-2C, C-2A, and F-35C test programs. In 2016, Dominick returned to an operational naval squadron, Strike Fighter Squadron 115, flying F/A-18E Super Hornets in the Forward Deployed Naval Forces stationed in Atsugi, Japan. At the time of his selection as an Astronaut Candidate in June 2017, Dominick was at sea on the USS Ronald Reagan (CVN 76) serving in the U.S. Navy as a Naval Aviator and a department head for Strike Fighter Squadron 115. He has accumulated more than 1,600 flight hours in 28 aircraft models, 400 carrier arrestments, 61 combat missions, and nearly 200 flight test carrier landings (arrested and touch-and-go).

NASA Experience:
Dominick reported for duty in August 2017 and completed two years of training as an Astronaut Candidate. He is currently awaiting flight assignment.

Awards/Honors:
2015 Naval Test Wing Atlantic Test Pilot of the Year; Member of the 2015 Department of the Navy Test Team of the Year; Strike Flight Air Medal (three awards); Navy Marine Corps Commendation Medal; and Navy Marine Corps Achievement Medal (three awards)

Organizations:
Society of Experimental Test Pilots Society of Flight Test Engineers and Tailhook Association.




Hometown: Pomona, California
Astronaut selection year: 2013
Military Experience:U.S. Navy
College & Degrees: Bachelor of Science in General Engineering from California Polytechnic State University and a Master of Science in Systems Engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School among other post-secondary degrees.

Experience:
Following commissioning, Glover began preflight training in Pensacola, Florida, and completed his advanced flight training in Kingsville, Texas, earning his wings of gold on December 14, 2001. In 2002, Glover reported to the Marine Fleet Replacement Squadron, VMFAT‐101, in Miramar, California. In 2003, after completing the F/A‐18C syllabus, he was assigned to the Blue Blasters of Strike Fighter Squadron VFA‐34 in Oceana, Virginia. With the Blue Blasters, he completed the final deployment of the USS John F. Kennedy (CV‐67) in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom. While deployed, he completed a Space Systems Certificate from the Naval Postgraduate School (NPS).

Glover was then selected as the United States Navy’s exchange pilot to attend the Air Force Test Pilot School. During the one‐year experimental test piloting course, he flew more than 30 aircraft in the U.S. and Italy. On June 9, 2007, he was designated a test pilot. Glover then served as a test pilot with the Dust Devils of Air Test and Evaluation Squadron VX‐31 in China Lake, California, testing various weapons systems on the F/A ‐ 18 Hornet, Super Hornet and EA‐18G Growler. In his off‐duty hours, he earned a Master of Science degree in Systems Engineering via NPS in Monterey, California. In 2009, Glover received orders to the Air Command and Staff College at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. Following graduation, Glover reported to the Dambusters of Strike Fighter Squadron VFA‐195, in Atsugi, Japan, where he served as a Department Head. With the Dambusters, he deployed three times to various locations in the Pacific Ocean. In 2012, Glover was selected for the Legislative Fellowship. He reported to the Office of Legislative Affairs in Washington, D.C., and was assigned to the office of a U.S. Senator. While in Washington D.C., he completed a Certificate in Legislative Studies at Georgetown University. Glover was a Legislative Fellow in the U.S. Senate when selected as an astronaut candidate.

Glover accumulated 3,000 flight hours in more than 40 aircraft, over 400 carrier arrested landings and 24 combat missions.

NASA Experience:
Glover was selected in 2013 as one of eight members of the 21st NASA astronaut class. In 2015, he completed Astronaut Candidate Training, including scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in International Space Station systems, spacewalks, robotics, physiological training, T-38 flight training and water and wilderness survival training.

Glover is currently serving as pilot and second-in-command on the Crew-1 SpaceX Crew Dragon, named Resilience, which launched November 15, 2020. He will also serve as Flight Engineer on the International Space Station for Expedition 64.

Awards/Honors:
Ontario High School 1994 athlete of the year; Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo, Service to the Community Award and community service notation on transcripts; Distinguished Graduate and Regimental Commander, U.S. Navy Officer Candidate School; Onizuka Prop Wash Award, United States Air Force Test Pilot School; Distinguished Graduate, Air Command and Staff College; Named one of Jet Magazine’s inaugural 40 under 40 in 2013. Military decorations include a Navy Commendation Medal and two Navy and Marine Corps Achievement Medals.

Organizations: Mathematics, Engineering, Science Achievement (MESA) Alumni; Dean’s Advisory Council, College of Engineering, Cal Poly, San Luis Obispo; Phi Beta Sigma Fraternity, Incorporated - Life Member; Society of Experimental Test Pilots - Member; National Society of Black Engineers; International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE); Tailhook Association - Life Member.




Hometown: Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
College & Degrees: Bachelor’s degree in Aeronautics and Astronautics from MIT and Doctorate in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science from the University of California, Berkeley
Hobbies: Enjoys rock climbing, mountaineering, and flying

Experience:
At the time of his selection in June 2017, Hoburg was an assistant professor of Aeronautics and Astronautics at MIT, where he taught undergraduate courses on Dynamics and Flight Vehicle Engineering. Hoburg's research focused on efficient methods for design of engineering systems. His group produced and maintains the open-source software tool GPkit, which is a Python package for geometric programming. His group's tools were used to design a five-day endurance UAV currently under development for the US Air Force. Prior to MIT, he worked for Boeing Commercial Airplanes Product Development on software for composite manufacturing processes. From 2010-2013, he was a seasonal member of Yosemite Search and Rescue and an Operations Leader for the Bay Area Mountain Rescue Unit.

NASA Experience:
Hoburg reported for duty in August 2017 and completed two years of training as an Astronaut Candidate. He is currently awaiting flight assignment.

Awards/Honors:
He is a two-time recipient of the AIAA Aeronautics and Astronautics Teaching Award in recognition of outstanding teaching at MIT. From 2009-2013 he was a National Science Foundation graduate research fellow. Class of 2020 AIAA Associate Fellow.

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Hometown: Los Angeles, California
Astronaut Selection Year: 2017
Military Experience: U.S. Navy
Colleges and Degrees: Bachelor’s degree in Mathematics from University of San Diego and Doctorate of Medicine from Harvard Medical School. Medical internship, Harvard Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency, Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, 2017.
Hobbies: Enjoys spending time with his family, outdoor activities, academic and professional mentoring, strength training, and lifelong learning. Holds qualifications in Advanced SCUBA.

Experience:
Kim enlisted in the Navy as a Seaman recruit after graduating high school in 2002. After completion of Hospital Corpsman “A” school training, he reported to Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training in Coronado, CA. After completing his training at Naval Special Warfare, Kim reported to John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School in Fort Bragg, NC, for the Special Operations Combat Medic Course. He was assigned as a Special Warfare Operator to SEAL Team THREE Charlie Platoon in San Diego, California and obtained various qualifications including Military Freefall Parachutist, Combatant Diver (closed circuit rebreather), Naval Special Warfare Special Reconnaissance Scout and Sniper, and Advanced Special Operations Techniques. Kim served as a Special Operations Combat Medic, sniper, navigator and point man on more than 100 combat operations spanning two deployments to the Middle East including Ramadi and Sadr City, Iraq. He was commissioned as a naval officer through the Navy’s enlisted-to-officer commissioning program, Seaman to Admiral-21, following graduation from the University of San Diego in 2012. Upon graduation from Harvard Medical School in 2016, Kim began his medical internship with Harvard Affiliated Emergency Medicine Residency. At the time of his astronaut selection in June 2017, Kim was a resident physician in emergency medicine with Partners Healthcare at Massachusetts General Hospital and Brigham and Women’s Hospital. Kim remains on active duty as a Navy Lieutenant at NASA.

NASA Experience:
Kim reported for duty in August 2017 and completed two years of training as an Astronaut Candidate. Training included technical and operational instruction in International Space Station systems, Extravehicular Activities (EVA) Operations, T-38 flight training, robotics, physiological training, expeditionary training, field geology, water and wilderness survival training, and Russian language proficiency training. He will be assigned technical duties in the Astronaut Office while he awaits flight assignment.

Awards/Honors:
Silver Star Medal, Bronze Star Medal with Combat “V”, Navy and Marine Corps Commendation Medal with Combat “V”, Combat Action Ribbon and various campaign and service awards.

Distinguished Honor Graduate, Navy Hospital Corpsman (HM) “A” School. Commandant’s List, Special Operations Combat Medic Course, Joint Special Operations Medical Training Center (JSOMTC). Naval Special Warfare Medic of the Year, Special Operations Medical Association. Tillman Scholar, Pat Tillman Foundation. Trustee Scholarship, University of San Diego. Summa cum laude, University of San Diego (Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps). Phi Beta Kappa Honor Society. Kappa Gamma Pi Honor Society. Mortar Board Honor Society



Hometown: Grand Rapids, Michigan
Astronaut Selection Year: 2013
Colleges and Degrees: Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, a Bachelor of Science in Physics, and a Master of Science in Electrical Engineering from North Carolina State University in Raleigh, North Carolina. Honorary Ph.D. from North Carolina State University in 2020.
Hobbies: Enjoys backpacking, rock climbing, paddling, surfing, running, yoga, community service, photography and travel.

Experience:
Koch’s career prior to becoming an astronaut spanned two general areas: space science instrument development and remote scientific field engineering. Her career began as an Electrical Engineer at NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Laboratory for High Energy Astrophysics, where she contributed to scientific instruments on several NASA space science missions. Koch then became a Research Associate in the United States Antarctic Program from 2004 to 2007. This included a yearlong stay with a winter-over at the Admunsen-Scott South Pole Station and a season at Palmer Station. While in this role, she served as a member of the Firefighting and Search and Rescue Teams. From 2007 to 2009, Koch returned to space science instrument development as an Electrical Engineer at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory’s Space Department. She contributed to instruments studying radiation for NASA missions, including Juno and the Van Allen Probes. In 2010, Koch returned to remote scientific field work with tours including Palmer Station in Antarctica and multiple winter seasons at Summit Station in Greenland. In 2012, Koch continued work at remote scientific bases with the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). She served as a Field Engineer at NOAA’s Global Monitoring Division Baseline Observatory in Utqiagvik, Alaska and then as Station Chief of the American Samoa Observatory. Throughout her career, she was involved in in technical instructing, volunteer tutoring and educational outreach.

NASA Experience:
Koch participated in the NASA Academy program at Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) in 2001 and worked as an Electrical Engineer at GSFC from 2002 to 2004. Koch was selected in June 2013 as one of eight members of the 21st NASA astronaut class. Her Astronaut Candidate Training included scientific and technical briefings, intensive instruction in International Space Station (ISS) systems, plus training and certification in spacewalking, ISS robotics, T-38 and T-6 aircraft flight, and Russian language. In 2018, she was assigned to her first space flight, a long duration mission on the International Space Station.

Koch was a part of ISS Expeditions 59, 60 and 61. She launched on March 14, 2019 from the Baikonur Cosmodrome on a Soyuz spacecraft with NASA Astronaut Nick Hague and Russian Cosmonaut Alexey Ovchinin. She returned to Earth on February 6, 2020 on a Soyuz spacecraft with ESA Astronaut Luca Parmitano and Russian Cosmonaut Alexander Skvortsov. The crews she served on contributed to hundreds of experiments in biology, Earth science, human research, physical sciences and technology development. Some of the scientific highlights from her missions include improvements to the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer, which studies dark matter, growing protein crystals for pharmaceutical research, and testing 3D biological printers to print tissues in microgravity. Koch conducted six spacewalks, including the first three all women spacewalks, totaling 42 hours and 15 minutes. She has spent a total of 328 days in space.

Awards/Honors:
Astronautics Engineer Award, National Space Club & Foundation, 2020; Global ATHENA Leadership Award, ATHENA International, 2020, NASA Group Achievement Award, NASA Juno Mission Jupiter Energetic Particle Detector Instrument, 2012; Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Invention of the Year nominee, 2009; United States Congress Antarctic Service Medal with Winter-Over distinction, 2005; NASA Group Achievement Award, NASA Suzaku Mission X-ray Spectrometer Instrument, 2005.



Hometowns: Midwest U.S.
Astronaut Selection Year: 2009
Military Experience: U.S. Air Force
Colleges and Degrees: : Bachelor of Science degree in Biology from the U.S. Air Force Academy and a Master of Science degree in Cardiovascular Physiology from Colorado State University. Lindgren also earned a Doctorate of Medicine from the University of Colorado. He is board certified in emergency medicine and aerospace medicine.
Hobbies: Enjoys spending time with family, running, reading, watching movies, photography, amateur astronomy, and church activities.

Experience:
At the U.S. Air Force Academy, Lindgren was a member of the “Wings of Blue” parachute team, where he served as an instructor, a jumpmaster and a member of the academy’s intercollegiate national championship team. As a part of his masters studies at CSU, Lindgren conducted cardiovascular countermeasure research in the Space Physiology Lab at NASA Ames Research Center in Sunnyvale, California. He conducted high‐altitude physiology research during medical school. Lindgren began working at Johnson Space Center in 2007. As a Wyle‐University of Texas Medical Branch flight surgeon, he supported International Space Station training and operations in Star City, Russia and water survival training in the Ukraine. At the time of his selection to the astronaut corps, he was serving as the Deputy Crew Surgeon for STS‐130 and Expedition 24.

NASA Experience:
Lindgren was selected in June 2009 as one of nine members of the 20th NASA astronaut class. Following the completion of two years of training and evaluation, he was assigned technical duties in the Spacecraft Communicator (CAPCOM) branch and Extravehicular Activity (EVA) branch. Lindgren served as lead CAPCOM for Expedition 30.

Spaceflight Experience:
Expedition 44/45 (July 2015 to December 2015). Along with crewmates Russian Space Agency cosmonaut Oleg Kononenko and Japanese astronaut Kimiya Yui, Lindgren launched on the Soyuz TMA‐17M (callsign Antares) from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan on July 23, 2015 and docked to the station after four orbits. They joined Expedition 44 crewmembers Russian cosmonaut Gennady Padalka and “One Year Mission” crew members NASA astronaut Scott Kelly and Russian cosmonaut Mikhail Kornienko. During their 141 days aboard the station, the Antares crew participated in more than a hundred different scientific experiments including research in human physiology, fluid and combustion physics, Earth and space science and technology development. Their research included work with the “Veggie” lettuce experiment which represented the first time a U.S. crew has eaten a crop grown on orbit. The crew conducted dozens of repairs and enhancements to the station’s systems, including the installation of the NORS high pressure gas replenishment system and internal cabling in preparation for the commercial crew vehicle docking and the Node 1 galley. Lindgren and Expedition 45 Commander Scott Kelly conducted two spacewalks in late 2015. During their first spacewalk, Lindgren installed a thermal blanket on the Alpha‐Magnetic Spectrometer and routed external cables, while Kelly performed maintenance on the station robotic arm. Their second spacewalk focused on maintenance of the station external thermal control system. Lindgren, Yui and Kononenko landed their Soyuz spacecraft in Kazakhstan on December 11, 2015. He has logged 141 days in space and 15 hours and four minutes of spacewalk time.

Awards/Honors:
NASA Distinguished Service Medal (2016); NASA Space Flight Medal (2016); NASA Exceptional Achievement Medal (2013); UTMB Outstanding Resident Award (2008); Distinguished Graduate, U.S. Air Force Primary Flight Surgeon Course (2007); William K. Douglas Aerospace Medicine Scholarship (2007); Hippocrates Award, University of Colorado School of Medicine (2002); Richard C. Hardin Award, University of Colorado School of Medicine (2001); Alpha Omega Alpha Honor Society (2001); Edgar and Marion Adler Scholar, University of Colorado School of Medicine (2001, 2002); U.S. Air Force Achievement Medal (1998).

Organizations:
Fellow of the Aerospace Medical Association; Fellow of the American Academy of Emergency Medicine; Member of the Association of Space Explorers; American Medical Informatics Association; Alpha Omega Alpha Medical Honor Society; Space Medicine Association; Christian Medical and Dental Associations and National Eagle Scout Association.

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https://www.youtube.com/user/NationalSpaceSociety

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NASA picks SpaceX Falcon Heavy for $332M mission to launch lunar Gateway components in 2024
Devin Coldewey



NASA has announced that SpaceX will take two major parts of the Gateway lunar orbiter that will function as a pit stop for future moon missions. The Power and Propulsion Element and Habitation and Logistics Outpost — which together will form the first usable lunar space station — will go up in 2024 on a Falcon Heavy, with an estimated price tag of $332 million.

The Falcon Heavy, which provides a far larger lift capacity than SpaceX’s now commonly used Falcon 9, has only had two commercial launches since its successful test launch in early 2018 (with Starman and a Tesla Roadster, you may remember). Arabsat-6A launched in April of 2019, and STP-2 a few months later, but since then the Heavy hasn’t seen any action. (Several missions are planned for the next year, however.)

NASA’s selection of the launch vehicle as the one that will bring these two crucial components to lunar orbit is a huge endorsement, however, and may actually snowball into more work down the line if the agency’s own Space Launch System continues to be delayed.

he PPE and HALO, as the two pieces are called, provide the essentials for a self-sustaining lunar orbital habitat: essentially the pressurized cabin and the power source that keeps it operational and allows maneuvering. So you could say they’re fundamental.

They’re also big, and can’t be sent up in 10 different pieces on smaller rockets. But there are precious few heavy launch vehicles available — and it looks like they decided that SpaceX’s was the best bet, having flown three successful missions already.

This mission is valued at $332 million in launch and related costs, so it’s a serious investment that will require a lot of collaboration between SpaceX, NASA, Northrop Grumman (which is building the HALO) and Maxar (making the PPE).


CG image of the lunar Gateway with the propulsion element and first habitable element attached. Not particularly roomy, but you can’t beat the view. Image: NASA


For now launch is set for no earlier than may of 2024, but that date may (and in fact is highly likely to) slip as various delays accrue. The whole Artemis program is experiencing a period of reality alignment, and while new target dates haven’t been given for all the ambitious plans made during the last four years, few of the old ones have been repeated the way they were as recently as last fall. Nevertheless even a five or six-year plan to return to the moon’s surface is still quite ambitious, considering — as has become the standard NASA refrain — “we’re going there to stay.”

We’ll likely hear more about the new timeline as the agency comes to grips with it itself over the next few months.

[youtube][/youtube]

https://techcrunch.com/2021/02/09/nasa- ... s-in-2024/

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Os primeiros passos!

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Perseverance continua a fazer história. Desta vez, conseguiu produzir oxigénio em Marte

Um instrumento acoplado ao 'rover' de seis rodas Perseverance, da agência espacial americana (NASA), transformou dióxido de carbono da atmosfera marciana em oxigénio. É a primeira vez que isto acontece em outro planeta.



"Este é um passo fundamental para transformar o dióxido de carbono em oxigénio em Marte", disse Jim Reuter, administrador associado da direção da missão de tecnologia espacial da Nasa.

A demonstração foi feita em 20 de abril e espera-se que as versões subsequentes do instrumento experimental usado abram o caminho para a exploração espacial humana no futuro.

O processo não só pode produzir oxigénio para que os futuros astronautas possam respirar, mas também poderia evitar o transporte de grandes quantidades de oxigénio da Terra para usá-lo como propulsor em foguetes na viagem de retorno.

O Experimento In Situ de Utilização de Oxigénio em Marte (MOXIE, na sigla em inglês) consiste numa caixa dourada do tamanho da bateria de um carro e fica na parte da frente e à direita do 'rover'.

Apelidado de "árvore mecânica", usa eletricidade e química para dividir as moléculas de dióxido de carbono, formadas por um átomo de carbono e dois de oxigénio. Como subproduto, também produz monóxido de carbono.

Na sua primeira execução, o MOXIE produziu 5 gramas de oxigénio, o equivalente a dez minutos de oxigénio respirável para um astronauta que executa uma atividade normal. Os engenheiros do MOXIE - projetado para produzir até 10 gramas de oxigênio por hora - farão agora mais testes e tentarão aumentar o seu rendimento.

Desenhado no Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts (MIT), o MOXIE foi construído com materiais resistentes ao calor, como liga de níquel, para tolerar as temperaturas de 800 Celsius exigidas para o seu funcionamento. Uma fina camada de ouro assegura que não irradie calor e danifique o 'rover'.

O engenheiro do MIT Michael Hecht disse que uma versão do MOXIE com uma tonelada poderia produzir as aproximadamente 25 toneladas de oxigénio necessárias para um foguete decolar de Marte.

Produzir oxigénio na atmosfera marciana, composta em 96% por dióxido de carbono, poderia ser uma opção mais exequível do que fazê-lo extraindo gelo sob a superfície e depois submetê-lo a eletrólise.

O Perseverance pousou no planeta vermelho em 18 de fevereiro numa missão para buscar sinais de vida microbiana. O seu mini-helicóptero Ingenuity também fez história esta semana ao conseguir realizar o primeiro voo em outro planeta.

O próprio 'rover' gravou diretamente os sons de Marte pela primeira vez.

https://24.sapo.pt/tecnologia/artigos/p ... o-em-marte

[cabeça de martelo]

Zhurong, the Tianwen-1 mission’s rover, transmitted its first images form the southern part of Utopia Planitia, Mars, on 19 May 2021.
Tianwen-1 (天问一号) is China’s first Mars exploration mission with an orbiter, a lander and a rover.