O texto abaixo foi extraido do forum iraniano de defesa. Pelas razões que todos conhecem, a defesa anti aérea é uma das principais preocupações por lá. Segue o texto, que para mim, como mero observador do assunto, foi muito instrutivo.
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FUTURE MANPAD.
50 kilograms weight, 20 kilometers altitude MANPAD missile with 3 different photodiode detectors can be built in the future.
The current necessity of Special Forces is to have "high altitude" MANPAD (MAN Portable Air Defense systems)
or infantry portable Anti Aircraft missile.
The missile should be portable both by Special Forces infantry and
by Military Stealth Jeep.
Infantry can deploy MANPAD in trench under Camouflage Net. Stealth Jeep can transport missile between
long destination and shoot it as well.
Currently there are 2 MANPADS that have advanced features such as multiple photodiode detectors.
1) 9K38 "Igla" (SA-18). Russian.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA-18_Grouse
It was first built in 1983. And has following characteristics.
Weight of full missile is 10.8 kilograms.
Warhead type is Directed-energy blast fragmentation.
Maximum range is 5,200 meters.
Maximum altitude is 3,500 meters.
Flight speed is 600 m/s average and 800 m/s peak.
2 seekers used together: Nitrogen-cooled, Indium antimonide (InSb) and uncooled lead sulfide (PbS).
- Lead Sulfide (PbS) at room temperature detects heat radiation at wavelengths of 1-2.5 micro-meters.
- Indium Antimonide (InSb) at 80 K temperature (cooled by Nihtrogen gas) detects heat radiation at wavelengths of 1–5 micro-meters.
Cost was approximately 60,000 - 80,000 USD.
Note: Mid-wavelength Infrared is radiation at wavelengths of 3-8 micro-meters. That radiation is released by jet engine exaust
plume and much less by super-heated parts of jet engine. 3-5 micro-meters radiation also passes through atmosphere. Making
it detectable through air and water clouds.
So if Jet or Helicopter releases Infrared Flares, Igla missile has 2 photodiode detectors that try to destinguish Flares from
Jet itself. However Igla loses battle against Flares since both Igla's photodiode detectors track target in the same wavelength.
1-5 micro-meters. Igla more likely will be diverted by Flare.
Igla and Chinese QW-2 Vanguard both have 2 photodiode detectors. The rest of missiles available on market use only 1 photodiode
detector. And most currently available on market MANPADs are diverted by Flares.
The only MANPAD that offers invulnerability to Flares is Japanese Type 91, Type 92.
2) Type 91, Type 92. Japanese.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_91_Su ... ir_missile
It was first built in 1991. And has following characteristics.
Weight of full missile is 15.5 kilograms.
Warhead type is Annular blast fragmentation.
Maximum range is 5,000 meters.
Maximum altitude is 3,500 meters.
Flight speed is 600 m/s peak.
2 seekers used together: an advanced imaging seeker operating in Visual wavelength of 0.4-0.7 micro-meters and Infrared seeker
operating in Infrared wavelengths of 3.5-5.2 micro-meters.
Cost was approximately 145,000 USD.
Note: On launch, the Type 91 missile records the target's image shape and is able to ignore defensive countermeasures such as
Flares.
Type 91's photodiode detectors probably have high resolution. Flares can not divert missile once both Visual and Infrared
photodiode detectors record the image shape of Jet.
Also the picture on Visual photodiode detector is in Visual Spectrum and can not be overwriten by picture of Flare (since Flare is small dot that radiates strongly in Infrared Spectrum). Large picture of Aircraft in Visual Spectrum can not be overwritten by small dot of Flare.
So only Japanese Type-91 MANPAD offeres invulnerability to Flares. I think any future MANPAD should have 2 photodiode detectors
Nightvision and Infrared.
Now what future MANPAD is.
50 kilograms missile that has 20 kilometers altitude and 30 kilometers range. It is possible since missile weight is
increased from 10 kilograms to 50 kilograms.
Guidence of missile is 3 seekers:
1 - Laser photodiode detector (where light dot produced on target by illumination laser is used by missile to center on target).
2 - Nightvision Visual photodiode detector. Each target has image shape in Visual Spectrum.
3 - Infrared photodiode detector (that detects Jet engine plumes and overheated Jet external parts, external turbo-jets).
"Future MANPAD" missile remembers and records Target's image shape received from Nightvision (2) and Infrared (3) photodiode
detectors. So missile is not diverted by Flares mostly due to Nightvision image shape of Target.
Launching tripod has Illumination Laser that is detected by Laser photodiode detector (1). So Soldier can correct missile course by
Illuminating Target with Illumination Laser.
50 kilogram missile is portable and launched by 1 soldier.
Warhead type is Shaped Charge (extremely lethal and can punch through armor of modern Helicopters. Especially armored one.
Like Europian Union Tiger Helicopter. They say it is armored against 23 mm rounds).
In summary: "Future MANPAD" missile is invulnerable to Flares and can be guided by Laser Illumination. Laser Illumination is
required when soldier decides to guide missile by himself (due to any unpredictable reason). Large altitude allows MANPAD
to be used as defence against all kind of Aircrafts (low and high altitude).
Below is pictures of currently the most advanced MANPAD Type-91, MANPAD Type-93 mounted on Jeep (in future it might
be Stealth Jeep) and MANPAD 9K38 Igla and Igla mounted on Jeep.
http://www.iranmilitaryforum.net/air-de ... 7485f5672c