CARNEGIE ENDOWMENT FOR INTERNATIONAL PEACE 135
NOTES
1. Neelam Mathews, “Race is on for India MMRCA,” Aviation Week & Space
Technology, September 21, 2009, available at
http://www.aviationweek.com/
aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/MMRCA092109.
xml&headline=Race%20is%20on%20for%20India%20MMRCA.
2. These details about the IAF’s evaluation process are described in Shiv Aroor, “A
Big Fat MMRCA Update, Livefi st, August 12, 2010, available at
http://livefi st.
blogspot.com/2010/08/big-fat-mmrca-update.html.
3. “India’s Spending On Defence to Reach about $80 Billion by 2015,” indiaserver.
com,
http://www.india-server.com/news/indias ... e-toreach-
30456.html.
4. Bill Sweetman, “Fighter Competitions Could Make or Break Contractors,”
Aviation Week & Space Technology, December 5, 2008, available at http://
http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/ ... i&id=news/
DTI-Fighters.xml&headline=Fighter%20Competitions%20Could%20Make%20
or%20Break%20Contractors.
5. Max Weber, “Politics as a Vocation,” Lecture Before the Freistudentischen Bund
of the University of Munich, available at
http://www2.selu.edu/Academics/
Faculty/jbell/weber.pdf.
6. For a useful summary of the contemporary challenges in this regard, see Stephen
P. Cohen and Sunil Dasgupta, Arming Without Aiming (Washington, D.C.:
Brookings Institution Press, 2010).
7. The role of the IAF in traditional Indian grand strategy has been summarized
in Ashley J. Tellis, “The Air Balance in the Indian Subcontinent,” Defense and
Security Analysis, vol. 2, no. 4, December, 1986, 263–289.
8. The relevance of air power under conditions of limited war is masterfully
articulated in Jasjit Singh, “Dynamics of Limited War,” Strategic Analysis, vol. 24,
no. 7, 2000, 1205–1220.
9. Air Marshal (Retired) V. K. Bhatia, “Walk the Line,” SP’s Aviation, issue 1, 2009,
12–13; Air Marshal (Retired) V.K. Bhatia, “IAF Modernization—Immediate
Needs,” SP’s Aviation, issue 8, 2009, available from
http://spsaviation.net/story_
issue.asp?Article=322; Tellis, op. cit.
10. “India Air Force Targets 42 Squadrons Strength by 2022,” India Defence, available
at
http://www.india-defence.com/reports/4230.
11. A useful overview of PAF modernization can be found in Shalini Chawla,
“Modernization of the Pakistan Air Force,” Air Power Journal, vol. 3, no. 2,
Summer 2008. A summary of recent and upcoming PAF acquisitions can
be found in “Procurement, Pakistan,” Jane’s Sentinel Security Assessment,
November 25, 2010.
12. Robert Hewson, “Pakistan Joins AMRAAM Club in Biggest-Ever Buy,” Jane’s
Defense Weekly, vol. 44, no. 4, January 24, 2007, 14.
13. Leithen Francis, “Pakistan to get Chinese AEW&C aircraft this year,” Flight
International, August 5, 2010, available at
http://www.fl ightglobal.com/
articles/2010/05/07/341584/pakistan-to-get-chinese-aewc-aircraft-this-year.html.
14. On the transformation of the PLAAF, see Philip C. Saunders and Erik R. Quam,
“China’s Air Force Modernization,” Joint Force Quarterly, no. 47, Fall 2007,
28–33, and Kenneth W. Allen, Glenn Krumel, Jonathan D. Pollack, China’s Air
Force Enters the 21st Century (Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation, 1995).
15. Mark A. Stokes, China’s Strategic Modernization: Implications for the United
States (Carlisle: Strategic Studies Institute, 1999), and Mark A. Stokes,
“The Chinese Joint Aerospace Campaign: Strategy, Doctrine, and Force
Modernization,” China’s Revolution in Doctrinal Affairs: Emerging Trends in the
Operational Art of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (Alexandria, VA: CNA,
2005).
16. B. Raman, “China Tests its Strategic Air power Capability: Implications for
India,” Sri Lanka Guardian, September 25, 2010, available at
http://www.
srilankaguardian.org/2010/09/china-tests-its-strategic-air-power.html.
17. Air Marshal (Retired) V. K. Bhatia, “In Progress,” SP’s Aviation, issue 7, 2010, 17.
18. Vivek Raghuvanshi, “India Boosts Aircraft Buy, Widens Supplier Options,”
Defense News, November 21, 2005, 34.
19. “India Approves Purchase of 68 Boeing Jets for Eight Billion Dollars,” October
13, 2005, orange.mu, available at
http://www.orange.mu/kinews/afp/
business/100877/india-approves-purchase-of-68-boeing-jets-for-eight-billiondollars.
html.
20. Air Marshal (Retired) Ajit Bhavnani, “Fortify the Force,” Force, vol. 4, no. 7, March
2007, 14–16.
21. Ray Whitford, Fundamentals of Fighter Design (Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife Publishing
Limited, 2000).
22. Carlo Kopp, “Measures of Fighter Capability,” Air Power Australia,
http://www.
ausairpower.net/air-superiority-3.html. Kopp’s article is a superb survey of aircraft
qualities in the abstract and informs the analysis at various points in this report.
23. For an excellent contemporary study of the IAF, including its worldview, its
ethos, and its force structure, see Benjamin S. Lambeth, India’s Transforming
Air Posture: An Emerging 21st Century Heavyweight (Santa Monica, CA: Rand
Corporation, 2011), forthcoming.
24. Ajai Shukla, “Buy a Fighter for War, Not Air Shows,” Business Standard,
November 2, 2010, available at
http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/
ajai-shukla-buyfi ghter-for-war-not-air-shows/413413.
25. For a good overview, see R. A. Mason, Air Power: An Overview of Roles (London:
Brassey’s Defense Publishers, 1987).
26. All the missions subsumed by this range are discussed at length in the Brassey’s
Air Power series, specifi cally: M. B. Elsam, Air Defense (Washington: Brassey’s
Defense Publishers, 1989); J. R. Walker, Air Superiority Operations (Washington:
Brassey’s Defense Publishers, 1989); J. R. Walker, Air to Ground Operations
(Washington: Brassey’s Defense Publishers, 1987); and Michael Knight, Strategic
Offensive Air Operations (Washington: Brassey’s Defense Publishers, 1989).
27. A good elaboration of the IAF’s vision of information dominance where air power
is concerned can be found in Air Commodore (retired) Jasjit Singh, ed., Aerospace
Power and India’s Defense (New Delhi: Knowledge World, 2007).
28. Squadron Leader Ajay Singh, “The Air War With AWACS Symmetry,” Indian
Defence Review, available at
http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/LANCER/idr00008.
htm.
29. “IAF Canberras Phased Out,” Frontier India, May 11, 2007, available at http://
frontierindia.net/iaf-canberras-phased-out.
30. Kopp, op. cit.; Whitford, op. cit., 21.
31. An excellent overview of AESA radars can be found in the Offi ce of the Under
Secretary of Defense for Acquisition and Technology, Report of the Defense
Science Board Task Force on Future DOD Airborne High-Frequency Radar
Needs/Resources, Washington, D.C., April 2001; Richard S. Deakin, Battlespace
Technologies: Network-Enabled Information Dominance (Norwood, MA: Artech
House, 2010); and Flightglobal/Insight, “Fighter Radars 2010,” Special Report,
available at
http://www.fl ightglobal.com/airspace/media/reports_pdf/fi ghterradars-
special-report-2010-52625.aspx.
32. Lt. Col. Jaco Steynberg, “LOOKOUT – DECIDE – ATTACK – BREAK,” SAAF
News Archive, September 29, 2009, available at
http://www.af.mil.za/
news/2009/056_2009.htm.
33. Ronald G. Driggers, Paul Cox, and Timothy Edwards, Introduction to Infrared and
Electro-Optical Systems (Boston: Artech Print on Demand, 1998).
34. Scott Baldauf, “Indian Air Force, in War Games, Gives US a Run,” Christian
Science Monitor, November 28, 2005, available at
http://www.csmonitor.
com/2005/1128/p01s04-wosc.html.
35. This history is documented with remarkable clarity in Robert Coram, Boyd: The
Fighter Pilot who Changed the Art of War (Boston: Little, Brown and Company,
2002).
36. Franklin C. Spinney, “Genghis John,” Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute, vol.
123, no. 6, July 1997, 42–47.
37. For a superb and thorough overview of air combat maneuvering, see Robert L.
Shaw, Fighter Combat: Tactics and Maneuvering (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute
Press, 1985).
38. For more on what energy maneuvering diagrams reveal, see Thomas R. Yechout
with Steven L. Morris, David E. Bossert, and Wayne F. Hallgren, Introduction to
Aircraft Flight Mechanics: Performance, Static Stability, Dynamic Stability and
Classical Feedback Control (Reston, VA: American Institute of Aeronautics and
Astronautics, 2003), 79–144.
39. Ibid.
40. Steven A. Brandt, Randall J. Stiles, John J. Bertin, and Ray Whitford, Introduction
to Aeronautics: A Design Perspective (Reston, VA: American Institute of
Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004), 345–378.
41. A splendid history of India’s aeronautical industry can be found in Jasjit Singh,
Indian Aircraft Industry (New Delhi: KW Publishers Private Ltd., 2011).
42. “About Us,” Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, available at
http://www.hal-india.
com/aboutus.asp.
43. An excellent survey of India’s aerospace strengths and weaknesses can be found
in Confederation of Indian Industry and PriceWaterhouseCoopers, Changing
Dynamics: India’s Aerospace Industry, available at
http://www.pwc.com/gx/en/
aerospace-defence/pdf/india-aerospace.pdf.
44. For more on this issue, see Jan Roskam, Airplane Design, Part VIII: Airplane Cost
Estimation: Design, Development, Manufacturing, and Operating (Lawrence, KS:
DAR Corporation, 2002).
45. Shiv Aroor, op. cit.
46. “Defense Procurement Procedure, Capital Procurement, 2008,” Ministry of
Defence, Government of India, available at
http://mod.nic.in/dpm/DPP2008.pdf.
47. Shiv Aroor, “MMRCA BUZZ: MiG-35 Was Never In The Running?” Livefi st,
August 19, 2010, available at
http://livefi st.blogspot.com/2010/08/mmrca-buzzmig-
35-was-never-in-running.html.
48. “Don’t Call Them, They’ll Call You,” Hindustan Times, December 7, 2010,
available at
http://www.hindustantimes.com/Don-t-cal ... -call-you/
Article1-635181.aspx.
49. Air Marshal (retired) B. K. Pandey, “Selection of MRCA for the IAF,” Indian
Defence Review, vol. 20, no. 1, January-March 2005, available at
http://www.
bharat-rakshak.com/SRR/2005/03/38-selection-of-mrca-for-the-iaf.html.
50. “F-22 Demonstrates ‘Supercruise’ for First Time,” Air Force News, July 21, 1999,
available at
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/d ... 721_991378.
htm.
51. “Military Aircraft,” McGraw-Hill Yearbook of Science and Technology 1989 (New
York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988), 215–217.
52. A useful overview of various fourth- and 4.5th-generation aircraft can be found
in Mike Spick, Brassey’s Modern Fighters (Washington: Brassey’s, 2000).
53. This discussion is based on material appearing in Yefi m Gordon, Mikoyan MiG-29
(Hinckley, UK: Midland, 2006); North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Mikoyan Mig-
29 Fulcrum Pilot’s Flight Operating Manual (Los Angeles: Periscope Film, 2007),
and Sayan Mazumdar, “The Russian Gymnasts: MiG-29OVT to MiG-35,” Vayu
Aerospace and Defence Review, issue 1, 2009, 121–123.
54. The discussion here is based on material appearing in Gerard Keijsper, Saab
Gripen: Sweden’s 21st Century Multi-Role Aircraft (Hinckley, UK: Aerofax, 2004);
David Donald, “JAS 39 Gripen,” International Air Power Review, vol. 24, 2008,
54–77; and David Donald, “Advanced Gripen,” International Air Power Review,
vol. 25, 2008, 16–19.
55. Donald, 2008, op. cit., 54.
56. Ingmar A. Andersson and Leif Haglund, “SAAB IRST: The System and Flight
Trials,” Proceedings of SPIE, vol. 4820, (2003), 69–83.
57. M. K. Rasgotra, “Reach Out to the U.S. Through Obama,” Mail Today, October
12, 2010.
58. The discussion here is based on material appearing in Richard Aboulafi a,
“Dassault Aviation Rafale,” World Military & Civil Aircraft Briefi ng, The Teal
Group, September 2010; Henri-Pierre Grolleau, “Dassault Rafale: Programme
Update,” International Air Power Review, vol. 22, 2007, 26–35; and Michael
A. Taverna, “Three in One,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, July 19, 2010,
76–80.
59. Pierre Tran, “Thales Touts ‘Market-Leading’ AESA Radar,” Defense News,
November 10, 2008, available at
http://www.defensenews.com/story.
php?i=3811949.
60. The discussion here is based on material appearing in Jon Lake, “Eurofi ghter
Typhoon,” International Air Power Review, vol. 20, 2006, 44–75; David Donald,
“Eurofi ghter Typhoon,” International Air Power Review, vol. 26, 2009, 62–73;
and Carlo Kopp, “Eurofi ghter Typhoon—Demon or Lemon?” Australian Aviation,
August, 2000, available at
http://www.ausairpower.net/Analysis-Typhoon.html.
61. “Eurofi ghter Leading Race for India Deal: Report,” Economic Times, January 23,
2010, available at
http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/new ... cs/nation/
Eurofi ghter-leading-race-for-India-deal-Report/articleshow/5491058.cms.
62. David C. Aronstein and Albert C. Piccirillo, The Lightweight Fighter Program: A
Successful Approach to Fighter Technology Transition (Reston, VA: American
Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 1997).
63. Ramesh Phadke, “MMRCA: A Diffi cult Choice for the IAF,” IDSA Comment,
Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, May 19, 2010.
64. The discussion in this section draws on material in “The UAE’s F-16 Block 60
Desert Falcon Fleet,” Defense Industry Daily, January 26, 2010, and Orville Prins,
“Super Viper for India,” Force, vol. 7, no. 9, May 2010, 47–48.
65. “Counting on Experience,” Force, vol. 7, no.10, June 2010, 40–41.
66. Captain Gilles Van Nederveen, USAF, “The F-16 Block 60: A High-Tech Aircraft
for a Volatile Region,” Aerospace Power Journal, vol. 14, no. 3, Fall 2000, 96.
67. Graham Warwick, “Lockheed: F-35 Can Compete on Cost,” Aviation Week &
Space Technology, June 18, 2010, available at
http://www.aviationweek.com/
aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/asd/2010/06/18/01.
xml&headline=Lockheed:%20F-35%20Can%20Compete%20On%20Cost.
68. The discussion in this section is based on material appearing in Bill Sweetman,
“Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet,” World Air Power Journal, vol. 42, Fall 2004,
30–53; Brad Elward, “Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet,” International Air Power
Review, vol. 11, 2004, 36–73; Carlo Kopp, “F/A-18E/F Super Hornet vs. Sukhoi
Flanker,” Defense Today, January/February 2007, available at
http://www.
ausairpower.net/DT-SuperBug-vs-Flanker.html; and Carlo Kopp, “Flying the F/A-
18F Super Hornet,” Australian Aviation. May/June 2001, available at
http://www.
ausairpower.net/SuperBug.html.
69. Commander Rob Niewoehner, “The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet: A Test Pilot Dispels
The Myths,” available at
http://www.fas.org/man/dod-101/sys/ac/docs/990414-
ART-Super-Hornet.htm.
70. Sayan Mazumdar, “The AESA Radar: Key to the M-MMRCA,” Vayu Aerospace
and Defence Review, issue 5, 2009, 84.
71. David A. Fulghum, “Attack of the Electrons,” Aviation Week & Space Technology,
June 28, 2010, 52–54.
72. Mazumdar, op. cit., 86.
73. Air Commodore (retired) Jasjit Singh, “The Fighter after Next,” Vayu Aerospace
and Defence Review, issue 5, 2010, 47. It is important to note, however, that,
despite some press reporting to the contrary, Singh has not endorsed the IAF’s
purchase of the Gripen for its MMRCA component; he has only stated its
benefi ts in terms of weight, while clearly acknowledging that the F-16IN also is
competitive by this yardstick.
74. Vipin Narang, “India’s MMRCA Deal: Muddled Rationale, Costly Adventure?”
Center of the Advanced Study of India, October 26, 2009, available at
http://casi.
ssc.upenn.edu/iit/narang.
75. Bharat Karnad, “No Good Choices for the Indian Air Forces,” Center for the
Advanced Study of India, October 12, 2009, available at
http://casi.ssc.upenn.
edu/iit/karnad.
76. Ajai Shukla, “Scrap the MMRCA, buy U.S. F-35s,” Business Standard, October
19, 2010, available at
http://www.business-standard.com/india/ ... crapmmrca-
buy-us-f-35s/411923.
77. An excellent survey of the IAF’s evolving force structure, on which this table is
based, can be found in Air Marshal (retired) V. K. Bhatia, “Flash Forward,” SP’s
Aviation, issue 1, 2009, 20–26.
78. “Interview: Chief of Air Staff, Air Chief Marshal Pradeep V. Naik,” Force, October
2010, 10.
79. “Indian Light Combat Aircraft Will Miss Some Requirements,” Aviation Week &
Space Technology, November 22, 2010, 34.
80. David A. Fulghum, Maxim Pyadushkin, and Douglas Barrie, “Stealth, Sukhoi
Style,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, February 8, 2010, 30–31, and Carlo
Kopp and Peter Goon, “Assessing the Sukhoi PAF-FA,” Air Power Australia
Analyses, February 15, 2010, available at
http://www.ausairpower.net/APA-2010-
01.html.
81. For a particularly trenchant, but on the point, critique, see Admiral (retired) Arun
Prakash, “Once More Into the Bear’s Embrace: Time to Remember Palmerston,”
December 28, 2010, available at
http://www.maritimeindia.org/modules.php?na
me=Content&pa=showpage&pid=189.
82. “Taking Flight,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, November 29, 2010, 25.
83. Ashok Nayak, “The India Fifth Generation Fighter is Planned for Induction From
2018,” Force, vol. 8, no. 2, October 2010, 12–16.
84. Neelam Mathews, “India Develops Requirements for AMCA,” Aviation Week &
Space Technology, April 21, 2010, available at
http://www.aviationweek.com/
aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?topicName=india&id=news/awx/2010/04/21/
awx_04_21_2010_p0-221350.xml.