Interferidores

[felipexion]

Foi uma ótima desenterrada!

[pafuncio]

Só não entendo porque a FAB, se fosse o caso, não colaborou com a MB, que já tem capacitação em EW!

Conheci um Cap. de Fragata que me disse "se a MB tivesse um centro de pesquisas como o CTA, já estaríamos anos na frente." Eu digo que se a MB e a FAB conversassem mais sobre Guerra Eletrônica, ambas estariam já adquirindo independência tecnológica no assunto. Estrutura de pesquisa já existe, falta é o Ministério da Defesa ser gerido por alguém mais técnico e menos político, que entenda do assunto e queira o progresso das nossas FAs.

Os anos passam. E aí, alguma novidade na integração das Forças neste singular aspecto ????

amplexos.

[xandov]

Tópico muito bom, Xandov volta por favor!!!

Oi galera, estou aqui
Sumi depois deste tópico pois fiquei de ressaca. Ele é muito interessante, mas é revelador em excesso. Acho que por isso mesmo ele é interessante, rsrs. De qualquer forma, defesa é um direito de todos nós, afinal, pagamos por ela.

Sinto dizer que os 3D estão com os dias contados. Alguns vão ser substituídos por 2D novos. O DECEA não está aguentando manter os bichões. Concordo que não é uma tarefa muito fácil, afinal há ítens de U$ 180.000 que o fabricante recomenda trocar uma vez por ano. Lógico que só o fabricante acredita nesse prazinho,

De qualquer forma, essa coisa toda da EW fica meio engasgada por aí, pois tem gente que ainda acredita nos capacetes. Outro problema é que EW tem que ser desenvolvida internamente, pois comprar esse "know how" não vai favorecer em nada na hora de usar. Todo mundo sabe que o fabricante vende o "hard", mas mantém os algoritmos em segredo. Na hora do pega pra capar, os sistemas simplesmente deixam de funcionar e ninguém sabe por quê? As alianças em tempos de beligerância são surpreendentes e imprevisíveis.

O CTA está aí, na luta, mas vive de teorias, workshops, teses e outros delírios de engenheiros. Não há indústria por trás deles (pelo menos expressivamente). Usar os laboratórios para desenvolver um projeto é uma coisa, aperfeiçoar e produzir é outra bem diferente. Sem indústria associada ao governo para desenvolver projetos de armamentos eletrônicos, vamos continuar pagando mico prometendo publicamente a Sarkozy compras políticas e tendo que voltar atrás no dia seguinte.

[WalterGaudério]

Tópico muito bom, Xandov volta por favor!!!

Oi galera, estou aqui
Sumi depois deste tópico pois fiquei de ressaca. Ele é muito interessante, mas é revelador em excesso. Acho que por isso mesmo ele é interessante, rsrs. De qualquer forma, defesa é um direito de todos nós, afinal, pagamos por ela.

Sinto dizer que os 3D estão com os dias contados. Alguns vão ser substituídos por 2D novos. O DECEA não está aguentando manter os bichões. Concordo que não é uma tarefa muito fácil, afinal há ítens de U$ 180.000 que o fabricante recomenda trocar uma vez por ano. Lógico que só o fabricante acredita nesse prazinho,

De qualquer forma, essa coisa toda da EW fica meio engasgada por aí, pois tem gente que ainda acredita nos capacetes. Outro problema é que EW tem que ser desenvolvida internamente, pois comprar esse "know how" não vai favorecer em nada na hora de usar. Todo mundo sabe que o fabricante vende o "hard", mas mantém os algoritmos em segredo. Na hora do pega pra capar, os sistemas simplesmente deixam de funcionar e ninguém sabe por quê? As alianças em tempos de beligerância são surpreendentes e imprevisíveis.

O CTA está aí, na luta, mas vive de teorias, workshops, teses e outros delírios de engenheiros. Não há indústria por trás deles (pelo menos expressivamente). Usar os laboratórios para desenvolver um projeto é uma coisa, aperfeiçoar e produzir é outra bem diferente. Sem indústria associada ao governo para desenvolver projetos de armamentos eletrônicos, vamos continuar pagando mico prometendo publicamente a Sarkozy compras políticas e tendo que voltar atrás no dia seguinte.

Esse seu último parágrafo é interessantíssimo. Efeito PAK-FA?

[soultrain]

Tópico muito bom, Xandov volta por favor!!!

Oi galera, estou aqui
Sumi depois deste tópico pois fiquei de ressaca. Ele é muito interessante, mas é revelador em excesso. Acho que por isso mesmo ele é interessante, rsrs. De qualquer forma, defesa é um direito de todos nós, afinal, pagamos por ela.

Sinto dizer que os 3D estão com os dias contados. Alguns vão ser substituídos por 2D novos. O DECEA não está aguentando manter os bichões. Concordo que não é uma tarefa muito fácil, afinal há ítens de U$ 180.000 que o fabricante recomenda trocar uma vez por ano. Lógico que só o fabricante acredita nesse prazinho,

De qualquer forma, essa coisa toda da EW fica meio engasgada por aí, pois tem gente que ainda acredita nos capacetes. Outro problema é que EW tem que ser desenvolvida internamente, pois comprar esse "know how" não vai favorecer em nada na hora de usar. Todo mundo sabe que o fabricante vende o "hard", mas mantém os algoritmos em segredo. Na hora do pega pra capar, os sistemas simplesmente deixam de funcionar e ninguém sabe por quê? As alianças em tempos de beligerância são surpreendentes e imprevisíveis.

O CTA está aí, na luta, mas vive de teorias, workshops, teses e outros delírios de engenheiros. Não há indústria por trás deles (pelo menos expressivamente). Usar os laboratórios para desenvolver um projeto é uma coisa, aperfeiçoar e produzir é outra bem diferente. Sem indústria associada ao governo para desenvolver projetos de armamentos eletrônicos, vamos continuar pagando mico prometendo publicamente a Sarkozy compras políticas e tendo que voltar atrás no dia seguinte.

É o custo de usar radares militares 3D para funções maioritariamente civis...
Vocês têm uma rede brutal, nem sei se existe algo com a mesma dimensão no mundo.

Bem vindo de volta

[[]]'s

[Marino]

Conheci um Cap. de Fragata que me disse "se a MB tivesse um centro de pesquisas como o CTA, já estaríamos anos na frente." Eu digo que se a MB e a FAB conversassem mais sobre Guerra Eletrônica, ambas estariam já adquirindo independência tecnológica no assunto. Estrutura de pesquisa já existe, falta é o Ministério da Defesa ser gerido por alguém mais técnico e menos político, que entenda do assunto e queira o progresso das nossas FAs.

Os anos passam. E aí, alguma novidade na integração das Forças neste singular aspecto ????

amplexos.

Bom, já há muitos anos, desde quando eu era CT, os centros de pesquisa das 3 FA se comunicam rotineiramente.
Anualmente existe um encontro de GE entre os centros, só lembrando.
O EB comprou os sistemas MAGE fabricados pela MB para tentar adaptar para seu uso.
Oficiais aviadores cursavam regularmente no CAAML e os da MB no CTA.
Para o futuro, breve, creio que podemos ver equipamentos nacionais comuns as 3 forças.

[pafuncio]

Gracias, Marino.

[xandov]

O CTA está aí, na luta, mas vive de teorias, workshops, teses e outros delírios de engenheiros. Não há indústria por trás deles (pelo menos expressivamente). Usar os laboratórios para desenvolver um projeto é uma coisa, aperfeiçoar e produzir é outra bem diferente. Sem indústria associada ao governo para desenvolver projetos de armamentos eletrônicos, vamos continuar pagando mico prometendo publicamente a Sarkozy compras políticas e tendo que voltar atrás no dia seguinte.

Esse seu último parágrafo é interessantíssimo. Efeito PAK-FA?

Quisera não tratassem o assunto DEFESA com tanta canalhice como tratam os assuntos do desenvolvimento.

[Slip Junior]

Caraca! Que achado!

Foi muito bom ler esse tópico que é de uma época onde as coisas eram bem diferentes aqui no fórum...

Aliás, lendo o tópico, reli um post meu onde eu menciona um trabalho que eu tinha feito durante a faculdade (em 2004!) sobre guerra eletrônica.. e olha só: ainda tenho o mesmo! É muito legal rever essas coisas e relembrar as coisas do passado e depois perceber como as coisas evoluem...

Abraços

[AlbertoRJ]

Xandov, você podia participar mais.
Entra lá na bagunça do FX-2 e dá seu pitaco!

Obrigado pelos bons posts!

[Penguin]

De 2006, mas interessante:

Less is more in the world of DAS.
Armada International > April 1, 2006
http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Less+is+m ... 0146354593

The days when electronic warfare (EW) systems were add-on items procured as required are coming to an end. As high-tech electronics shrink in size, electronic warfare designers are able to pack ever more powerful fully integrated systems into the limited space available in a jet fighter.

Having multiple functions provided by a single, comprehensive system of systems provided useful savings in space and weight. This not only makes the best use of the limited space and cooling within a modern airframe, but also helps integrate electronic warfare with other network-centric operations.

Over the last decade, many of the famous names formerly associated with electronic warfare have vanished; victims of industrial consolidation. In the West, the main players are now BAE Systems, Elettronica, Elisra, ITT Defense, Northrop Grumman, Raytheon and Thales. One thing that has not changed is the highly classified nature of the systems. Inevitably, the more recent the programme, the less that is known.




Typhoon

The EuroDass developed for the Eurofighter Typhoon is produced by a consortium consisting of Selex Sensors and Airborne Systems--formerly BAE Systems Avionics, Elettronica and Indra. In its most-comprehensive form, it consists of a defensive aids computer, an integrated RF electronic support and countermeasures (ES/ECM) subsystem, a missile-approach warning (Maw) system, a laser warning receiver (LWR) and a countermeasures dispensing system. In practice, this range of hardware is being introduced in stages, and some of the Eurofighter partner nations have opted not to deploy the full system.

Like the passive ES/ESM subsystem, the RF jamming facilities are unofficially reported to cover a frequency range of 100 MHz to 18 GHz. Introduced in basic form on early tranche 1 aircraft, it was fully fielded on later tranche 1 aircraft. It offers several operating modes and is believed to be able to direct beams of noise or deceptive jamming against selected threats. On tranche 2 aircraft, the upper limit of the frequency coverage of the ES/ESM (and perhaps the jammers) will probably be raised to 40 GHz.

Saab Avitronics received an order from Flight Refuelling in Feb 2006 to provide 236 Bol 510 countermeasures dispensers for the tranche 2 programme, serving the British, German, Italian and Spanish Eurofighters.

Towed decoys are carried in the rear portion of the wingtip pods. Based on the Selex Sensors and Airborne Systems Ariel, these can be deployed at supersonic speeds. Germany, it is understood, has opted to not install decoys, however, while Britain is the only nation to have adopted the laser-warning receiver.

Each aircraft can carry four countermeasures launchers--SaabTech Bol dispensers for chaff, and Elettronica Aster units armed with 55 mm flares.




Rafale

The Thales Airborne Systems Spectra system carried by the Rafale is installed in ten internal locations within the Rafale's airframe, the most obvious being the fin-top pod. Thales is responsible for system integration and provides the RWR, LWRs and radar jamming subsystems, while MBDA supplies the DDM-Samir IR missile launch detector and the countermeasures dispensing system.

The RF warning and jamming facilities are integrated to form the Detection et Brouillage Electromagnetique system. Frequency coverage of the original F1 standard is understood to be 2 to 18 GHz, rising to 2 to 40 GHz in the F2 standard of avionics. Unofficial reports credit the radar warning receiver with being able to establish the bearing on a radio frequency-based threat to less than one degree and the jamming antennas with the ability to direct a narrow beam with comparable accuracy. By focussing the jamming energy into a narrow beam, the jamming system is able to concentrate its power on the threat, while emitting a minimum of energy in other directions in order to avoid compromising the aircraft.




Gripen

When the Block 1 Jas-39A Gripen entered service, its self-protection system consisted only of a SaabTech AR-830 RWR and Bop/C countermeasures dispenser. A full suite was not fielded until the batch 3 aircraft, though it will be retrofitted to batch 2. This Swedish-developed suite is designated EWS 39, and teams a SaabTech Bow-21 receiver, an internal radar jammer covering the same frequency range (unofficially reported to be 2 to 18 GHz) and a combination of Bop/B and Bol dispensers.

Further developments are being studied for inclusion into late batch 3 aircraft and for export models. These include a laser and a missile warning system, and SaabTech BO2D towed radio frequency decoys. Frequency coverage of the EWS 39 could be raised to 40 GHz by fitting the aircraft with a Saab Boq-X300 deception/noise jamming pod.






Hornet

The F/A-18E/F Super Hornet entered service with a suite based on that of the earlier C/D model, but is now equipped with a more sophisticated suite that includes a Raytheon AN/ALR-67(V)3 RWR, and a BAE Systems/ITT AN/ALQ-214(V) Integrated Defensive Electronic Countermeasures (Idecm). The latter is made up of an ITT receiver system, a BAE Systems onboard techniques generator and the AN/ALE-55 towed decoy.


Raptor and F-35

There is little point in developing a stealth aircraft then fitting it with an active jammer that would betray its presence. As a result, the systems fitted to the Lockheed Martin F-22A Raptor and F-35 Joint Strike Fighter use passive RF technology and embedded low-observable antenna apertures rather than traditional antennas, the reflectivity of which could compromise the aircraft.

Little is known about the fully integrated passive suite that BAE Systems has developed for the F-22. This combines a BAE Systems AN/ALR-94 Electronic Support Measures Radar Warning System, the AN/AAR-56 Maw and the AN/ALE-52 flare dispenser system.

BAE Systems is also responsible for the information & electronic warfare suite of the F-35, and delivered the first example in August 2004. This is thought to be a highly integrated suite combining radar warning, missile warning, radar and infrared jamming capabilities and expendable decoys. The radar-warning facilities are thought to include long-range emitter detection and bearing determination.

The aircraft's Northrop Grumman Mirfs/MFA (multifunction integrated RF system/multifunction nose array) is used not only by the aircraft's AN/APG-81 active electronically scanned array radar, but also handles electronic warfare and communications functions.


Miscellanea

Inevitably, defensive aid suites will feature on new fighters developed by other nations. While there are no details of the suite fitted to China's new J-10 fighter, the few poor quality photos available of the aircraft show a rear-facing antenna fairing at the top of the fin and what may be antennas on either side of the under-fuselage air intake.

The Tejas (Radiant)--formerly the Light Combat Aircraft (LCA)--being developed in India by the Aeronautical Development Agency is known to have an electronic warfare suite created by India's Advanced Systems integration and Evaluation Organisation. This includes an RWR, LWR, MAW, a self-protection jammer and a countermeasures dispensing system.

Since today's limited defence budgets require that combat aircraft be kept in service (or even in production) for several decades, EW suites must be modernised to maintain their capability, or to replace older hardware with a more integrated solution.

In the US, the F-15 Eagle remains in low-rate production, with 40 F-15Ks being built for South Korea. Like the F-15s in US and Saudi service, these are equipped with the Tactical Electronic Warfare Suite, which combines the AN/ALR-56C RWR, the Northrop Grumman AN/ALQ- 135 RF jammer and the BAE Systems AN/ALE-47 countermeasures dispenser. The F-15K has an updated version of the RWR and jammer; the latter uses microwave power modules that are smaller and lighter than the earlier transmitters, allowing the system to be repackaged within the airframe to locate the jamming hardware closer to the antennas.

The sheer number of F-16 Fighting Falcons delivered by General Dynamics and Lockheed Martin make it inevitable that many upgrade programmes are underway or planned. A selection will have to serve to give the reader an idea of the new systems the aircraft is receiving either as new-build examples or as retrofits.

As part of its upgrading of the F-16 Block 25/30/32, the US Air Force's Air Combat Command and Air Force Reserve Command are installing the Pylon Integrated Dispense System and the AN/ALE-50 towed decoy system.

The Greek Air Force adopted Raytheon's Advanced Self-Protection Integrated Suite II consisting of the Northrop Grumman AN/ALR-93 RWR, Raytheon AN/ALQ-187 jammer, and BAE Systems AN/ALE-47 chaff/flare dispenser. Chile and Oman selected the ITT Avionics Advanced Integrated Defensive EW Suite. An adaptation of the AN/ALQ-21, it consists of a radar warning receiver and a jammer.

The Portuguese Air Force, Elisra and Terma teamed to develop a suite that forms part of that nation's F-16A mid-life upgrade. This used an Elisra SPS1000(V)5 RWR, Northrop Grumman AN/ALQ-131(V)2 Block 2 jamming pod and BAE Systems AN/ALE-40 chaff/flare dispensers.

For the Block 60 ordered by the United Arab Emirates, Northrop Grumman developed the Falcon Edge. This makes extensive use of cots technology and combines a sophisticated radar warning facility, a radar jammer, a Raytheon fibre-optic towed decoy and Terma countermeasures dispensers.

ITT built its proposal around a pod-mounted AN/ALQ-211(V)8 version of its AN/ALQ-211 system for fixed and rotary-wing applications. In 2005, a version of the system achieved operational capability on the US Air Force's U-2S reconnaissance aircraft, having been introduced as part of that aircraft's Block 20 modernisation programme. The submissions from Northrop Grumman and Saab are based on the AN/ALQ-131 and EWS 39 systems respectively. Although flight tests of the rival offerings were completed two years ago a winner has yet to be announced, leading to speculation that the programme may be dropped.


Transports

The growing threat posed by man-portable air-defence systems has forced the deployment of defensive suites on military transport aircraft. The United States selected the Northrop Grumman Large Aircraft Countermeasures system for use on a portion of its C-17, C-130, C-135 and KC-10 fleet. Other nations have fitted similar systems to their C-130s and other transports.

Eads Defence Electronics is designing a suite for the new A400M military transport that includes an Eads Defence Electronics/Indra ALR-400 RWR and a chaff/flare dispenser. A follow-on programme is expected to add a directed infrared countermeasures system, laser warning receiver and towed decoy. In practice, only a portion of the fleet will be given a suite for example, Britain has stated that it plans to equip only nine of its planned fleet of 25.

Under a contract awarded by France's DGA (Direction Generale pour l'Armement) in January 2006, Cilas will design a more compact laser capable of being integrated into a Dircm that could form part of the A400M self-protection system. Over the next two years the company will build prototype hardware.

Some nations see a need to have defensive aids on civil airliners. In August 2004, the US Department of Homeland Security awarded $ 45 million contracts to BAE Systems and Northrop Grumman to continue prototyping suitable systems built on laser-based IR jammers already in military service. In November 2005, BAE Systems began flight testing its Jeteye on a Boeing 767 trials aircraft, and Northrop Grumman began flights of its Guardian system on an MD-11.

While other teams around the world are developing similar systems--Rafael's Britening is based on a Dircm developed for helicopters--the first to be certified for airline service was the Israel Aircraft Industries Elta Systems Flight Guard.

However, it must be borne in mind that any defence--military or civilian--can be saturated if exposed to a large enough number of attacks, and there never will be protection from a lucky hit--if it hits in the right place, even a rifle bullet can down an aircraft.

The Royal Air Force C-130K Hercules that was shot down in Iraq on 30 January 2005 was fitted with a state-of-the-art system, but with only a short leg to fly between two nearby bases the crew had little choice but to fly at low altitude. The nature of the attack that brought it down has never been disclosed. Unofficial reports have suggested that it was hit by a Russian-built Malyutka (AT-3 'Sagger') but in practice it probably fell victim to light anti-aircraft artillery. No system can argue with a well-aimed cannon shell and win.

[Penguin]

Sistema EW proposto pela ELT para o Tejas Mk2 e o Mig-29 MLU...

Virgilius AESA-Based Internal EW Suite For MiG-29UPG & Tejas Mk2





ELT - Elettronica, empresa italiana que faz parte do Consórcio EuroDass, liderado pela Selex Galileo (United Kingdom) e com participação da EADS (Germany) e Indra (Spain) que fabrica o sistema Pretorian doTyphoon.

[Penguin]

In Combat Debut, Navy Jammer Targets Libyan Tanks
http://www.wired.com/dangerroom/2011/03 ... yan-tanks/
By Spencer Ackerman March 21, 2011 | 10:47 am |

As the United Nations-sanctioned war against Libya moves into its third day, no U.S., French or British aircraft have been shot down by Libyan air defenses. Part of the credit should go to the Navy’s new jammer, which is making its combat debut in Operation Odyssey Dawn. But the jammer isn’t just fritzing Moammar Gadhafi’s missiles, it’s going after his tanks.

Vice Adm. Bill Gortney told the media on Sunday that the EA-18G Growler, a Boeing production, provided electronic warfare support to the coalition’s attacks on Libya. That’s the first combat mission for the Growler, which will replace the Navy’s Prowler jamming fleet. Only Gortney added a twist: not only did the Growler go after Libya’s surface-to-air missiles, it helped the coalition conduct air strikes on loyalist ground forces going after rebel strongholds.

According to Gortney, coalition air strikes “halted” the march of pro-Gadhafi troops 10 miles south of Benghazi, thanks to French, British and U.S. planes — including the Marine Corps’ Harrier jump jet — thanks in part to Growler support. There’s no word yet on whether the Growler’s jamming functions disrupted any missiles that the pro-Gadhafi forces carried, or fried any communications the Libyan loyalists attempted to make back to their command. But Robert Wall of Aviation Week notes that the continued “risk from pop-up surface to air missile firings” prompts the need for Growlers above Libya.

And expect the Growler to keep up the pressure. The Pentagon plans to transfer control of Odyssey Dawn from Gen. Carter Ham and U.S. Africa Command to an as yet undetermined multinational command entity — at which point, the U.S. is expected to take a backseat in combat missions. But it’ll continue to contribute “unique capabilities” to the Libya mission. Namely, Gortney specified, “specialty electronic airplanes” such as the Growler. (And refueling tankers, spy planes, cargo haulers and command n’ control aircraft.) No wonder Defense Secretary Robert Gates hearts it so much.

This may be the Growler’s first combat mission since Boeing delivered the first run of the refitted F/A-18 Super Hornets to the Navy in 2007. But its next usage may be more deadly. The Navy sped up production of its Next Generation Jammer earlier this year, meaning the Growler’s payload will soon be able to insert viruses into enemy command networks, not just block radars and communications transmissions in under five years.

[AlbertoRJ]

Sky Shield EW Support Jamming System

Rafael's Sky-Shield system is among the world's leading multi-purpose Support
Jamming systems. The system is designed to provide a safe corridor of protection
against radar threats for increased survivability of our
attacking force in a hostile environment. The Sky Shield
mission is to Suppress Enemy Air Defense (SEAD),
enabling deep penetration into the enemy area.
Solid State Multi Beam Array Transmitters (MBAT) and
digital receivers enable to achieve a high performance
system packed in a pod which can be integrated even on
small fighters. Sky Shield is able to jam many threats,
while simultaneously transmitting sophisticated jamming signals against different
threats and in different directions.



Comprehensive EW Protection in a Compact Pod

The Sky Shield is an all-inclusive multi-purpose EW system, which provides support jamming and is used for escort jamming, SEAD and self-protection missions. The Sky Shield EW receiver intercepts all types of radars with high sensitivity and provides data concerning the relevant radars in the arena. The jamming (ECM) system selects the threats to be handled and generates a tailored technique for each threat. The Sky Shield jammer utilizes fast switching MBAT transmitters and hence is capable of simultaneous jamming and deception of multiple threats using highly effective directional transmission. Sky Shield is based on modern technologies such as a digital receiver, a DRFM and solid state transmitters.
High Flexibility and Reliability
The Sky Shield technologies enable a compact pod solution designed to fit on board different platforms and can even be installed on small jets. Sky Shield can be tailored to the specific requirements of the customer. It is highly reliable and does not require a crew member for operation. Sky Shield utilizes the most updated EW methods and is based on the vast experience of Rafael in airborne and naval EW systems.

Benefits

* Effective EW shield against radar threats
* Simultaneous jamming of multiple threats
* The modular system is tailored to operational needs
* Adaptable to small and large airborne platforms
* Fully autonomous

Features

* An electronically steered (MBAT) jamming system provides high Effective Radiated Power(ERP)
* One certified pod that contains the entire system
* Comprehensive testing capabilities include an EW test range

Operational Capabilities

The Sky Shield creates an EW shield that prevents enemy targeting of friendly forces and increases mission effectiveness and survivability during ingress and egress. It is effective against modern and complex, as well as conventional radar threats. The Sky Shield is also capable of handling dense electromagnetic environments.



http://www.rafael.co.il/marketing/SIP_S ... /8/958.pdf

[Penguin]

Cada pod Skyshield desses custou o mesmo que os 26 F-5E/F ex-aggressors (vulgo "tortinhos") adquiridos pela FAB.

O valor do contrato para os três pods do SKY SHIELD, incluindo: treinamento, documentação e logística associada, é de US$ 41,958,000.00 (quarenta e um milhões e novecentos e cinqüenta e oito mil dólares norte-americanos).

http://defesanet.web.terra.com.br/fab/R ... shield.htm